A new open-access Autism Research commentary argues the evidence base is incomplete and outlines a practical research agenda.
A newly published, open-access commentary in Autism Research makes a careful, research-forward argument: it’s time to revisit and rigorously study assisted methods to teach typing for some nonspeaking autistic people. The authors’ central point is that the field needs research on assisted typing that is methodologically strong and practically informative—clarifying who benefits, how independence develops, what the limits are, and what safeguards are necessary.
Read the commentary (open access): https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.70176
DOI: 10.1002/aur.70176
TL;DR
- Many nonspeaking autistic people are not offered communication options that support the full range of expression.
- Assisted typing methods are controversial because influence is possible during training.
- The authors argue that older “message-passing” studies have often been treated as if they prove influence always occurs—an interpretation that goes beyond the data.
- They call for a practical research agenda to understand when, how, and for whom typing instruction can lead to independent communication, with appropriate safeguards.
Why this matters: communication access is an equity issue
A substantial portion of autistic people have limited or no speech, and many are never provided communication alternatives that allow the full breadth of expression that speech enables. That limitation can restrict access to education, social participation, and employment.
AAC (augmentative and alternative communication) systems can be life-changing. But many commonly used approaches are symbol-based, which can help with basic functional communication yet may not always support complex, self-directed expression. Text-based communication is far more flexible—when people are taught the literacy and motor skills required to use it.
The commentary places assisted typing methods in this real-world context, underscoring the need for research on assisted typing: families and clinicians often seek additional pathways when conventional options fall short.
What “assisted typing methods” means—and why they’re controversial
The commentary discusses assisted methods to teach typing used during instruction and skill-building. These approaches vary, but typically involve a partner providing support during learning with the stated goal of developing independent typing on a stable keyboard or device.
The controversy is also straightforward:
- During training, an assistant could influence letter selection (intentionally or unintentionally).
- This raises serious questions about authorship, validity of outputs during training, and the risk of dependence.
The authors do not dismiss those concerns. Instead, they argue that the field has often moved from “influence can happen” to “influence explains everything, always”—and that this jump has discouraged rigorous study of important questions, including how independence may emerge and how safeguards should be designed.
A key point: message-passing studies show influence is possible—not that it always occurs
A core part of the commentary is a critique of how classic “message-passing” studies have been interpreted. Those studies demonstrated that assistants can influence outputs under certain conditions. The authors argue that these findings have sometimes been treated as if they invalidate all text produced during training, across all learners and contexts—an interpretation that goes beyond what those experiments can establish.
They also point to evidence from other methods that challenges the “influence explains everything” conclusion as a universal explanation.
An example the authors highlight: eye-tracking evidence
The commentary describes an eye-tracking study in which nonspeaking autistic participants with experience pointing to letters on a board spelled quickly and accurately in ways the authors argue are difficult to explain by assistant influence alone (e.g., roughly one letter per second, looking at letters shortly before pointing, and making few errors even across long sentences). The point isn’t “debate solved”—it’s that the evidence base is more complex than a blanket dismissal suggests.
The practical contribution: a research agenda for research on assisted typing
The authors are explicit about what they are not calling for:
- Not simply “more message-passing studies.”
- Not jumping immediately to a randomized controlled trial while methods remain highly variable and not well-defined.
Instead, they argue the next step is foundational research that can lead to clearer definitions, measurable safeguards, and eventually more rigorous empirical testing—potentially including a more manualized, testable approach.
Three research priorities the commentary emphasizes
1) Study people who type independently (and other effective AAC users)
What helped? What didn’t? What innovations do independent typers recommend? What learning trajectories occurred? What barriers were encountered—and how were they overcome? How was progress measured?
2) Define and measure what “support” actually is during instruction
What prompt hierarchies are used (motor, attentional, emotional-regulatory, sensory)? How are prompts faded? How do assistants make real-time decisions? What can be documented reliably? Can technology complement or partially replace some forms of support?
3) Follow learners longitudinally while they are still becoming independent
How do sensory, motor, attentional, and social-cognitive profiles change over training? What skills emerge before independence? Why do some progress faster than others?
Addressing a predictable concern: “false hope”
The commentary also acknowledges a common objection: that studying assisted typing may give families “false hope.” The authors’ response is essentially methodological and ethical: rigorous research on assisted typing is the best way to replace uncertainty with evidence, clarify who benefits and who does not, and identify safeguards that protect communication integrity.
A simple takeaway
If you care about communication access and scientific integrity, the argument here is reasonable:
Study the methods carefully. Study who benefits. Study pathways to independence. Study safeguards.
Read the open-access commentary
Open-access commentary in Autism Research calls for renewed, methodologically rigorous research on assisted methods used to teach typing in some nonspeaking autistic individuals—especially pathways to independent typing, for whom, and with what safeguards. https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.70176
About the author
Andrew Milivojevich is an independent researcher-advocate and the founder of Letterboard.ai, an initiative focused on how motor, sensory, and learning supports can affect access to spelling-based communication for nonspeaking autistic individuals. He works at the intersection of academic outreach, measurement methodology, and communication access, with a particular interest in research designs that can evaluate learning and literacy without relying on speech.
Milivojevich and his collaborators have contributed technology used in peer-reviewed autism research, including enabling development of the iPad-based task used in Dr. Vikram K. Jaswal’s Autism (SAGE) study examining literacy in nonspeaking autistic people through an implicit, reaction-time methodology (DOI: 10.1177/13623613241230709).
